Teixeira was admitted to a hospital in Botafogo at around 19:00 local time on Thursday accompanied by a cardiologist.
According to hospital staff, the 64-year-old is currently in for observation due to the pain, and does not yet require surgery.
Teixeira has been head of the CBF since 1989, and is also the chairman of Rio local organising committee for the 2014 World Cup.
He is currently being investigated by police amid corruption claims made by BBC journalist Andrew Jennings.
